This 12 months’s Nobel Prize in Chemistry was shared by David Baker, a biochemist who obtained his Ph.D. from UC Berkeley in 1989 working with Randy Schekman, a professor of molecular and cell biology who received the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medication.
At Berkeley, Baker performed analysis totally on protein transport and protein trafficking in yeast, the sector through which Schekman obtained the prize.
“His power, enthusiasm and brilliance reworked the work in my lab to permit a biochemical method to advance our genetic evaluation of the mechanism of protein secretion,” Schekman mentioned. “Baker’s success isn’t any accident. He has the uncommon present of creativity and confidence to make magic occur within the lab.”
After a postdoctoral fellowship at UCSF, Baker joined the biochemistry college on the College of Washington College of Medication in Seattle and started engaged on computational strategies for predicting and designing the constructions and capabilities of proteins.
In 2003, he used a pc program he had developed named Rosetta to design a completely new protein that was in contrast to some other recognized. Baker and colleagues went on to indicate that a variety of protein constructions may very well be designed utilizing the Rosetta software program.
“Since then, his analysis group has produced one imaginative protein creation after one other, together with proteins that can be utilized as prescription drugs, vaccines, nanomaterials and tiny sensors,” in accordance with a press launch by the Nobel Basis. Baker, the muse famous, “has discovered easy methods to grasp life’s constructing blocks and create solely new proteins.”
“Baker’s crew on the College of Washington led the way in which within the improvement of a strong algorithm, Rosetta, to assist clear up an issue that has challenged biochemists for a lot of a long time: How do protein molecules fold into distinctive third-dimensional constructions?” Schekman mentioned. “On the identical time, Baker pioneered approaches to the ab initio design of novel proteins as response catalysts and extra lately the event of anti-viral immunogens.”
Baker, 62, obtained half the prize, whereas the opposite half was shared by two scientists — Demis Hassabis and John Jumper — at Google DeepMind in London, who developed a machine studying device, AlphaFold, that may predict the 3Dl construction of any protein from its amino acid sequence.
A protein’s 3D construction is vital to its perform, however scientists had struggled because the Seventies to know how a protein’s amino acid sequence encoded that construction. Then, in 2020, Hassabis and Jumper developed a brand new model of the AI device, AlphaFold2.
“With its assist, they’ve been in a position to predict the construction of nearly all of the 200 million proteins that researchers have recognized,” in accordance with the Nobel Basis.
“It’s a really thrilling day for these of us concerned with protein folding,” mentioned Susan Marqusee, a Distinguished Professor of molecular and cell biology and of chemistry at UC Berkeley. “David has carried out as a lot as any residing scientist to chart the trail between the amino acid sequences of proteins and their three-dimensional constructions. With the power to design constructions at will, the problem for the longer term is to include the dynamic actions and structural modifications which can be required for all types of organic perform.”
Stephanie Mitchell/Harvard College
Earlier this week, one other Berkeley graduate, Gary Ruvkun, shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medication for discovery of the essential position performed by microRNAs in regulating genes. Ruvkun, who grew up in Berkeley, graduated from Berkeley in 1973 with a B.A. in biophysics. He presently is a professor of genetics at Harvard Medical College and a researcher at Massachusetts Basic Hospital.
“This recognition follows years of anticipation for this prize and matches their recognition with that of one other Berkeley grad, Andrew Fireplace, who shared the Nobel with Craig Mello for the invention of small interfering RNAs, which, when launched into cells, kind double-stranded RNA molecules that equally can management gene expression,” Schekman mentioned. “Each discoveries have had a considerable affect on our understanding of and talent to control the expression of genes in larger organisms.”
This 12 months’s Nobel Prize in Physics was additionally shared by a scientist with ties to Berkeley. John Hopfield was an assistant professor within the division of physics between 1961 and 1964 earlier than leaving for Princeton College and switching fields from theoretical condensed matter physics to biophysics. Marvin Cohen, now a Berkeley professor emeritus of physics, was employed to take his place.
Courtesy of John Hopfiel
“I took over his grad college students after he left,” Cohen mentioned. “Finally, he (Hopfield) modified fields to organic physics. I bear in mind making an attempt to speak him out of that. He made glorious contributions to that discipline, and I imagine that his diversified background ready him for the work he did that was acknowledged by the Nobel committee.”
The Nobel Basis cited his “foundational discoveries and innovations that allow machine studying with synthetic neural networks.”
Hopfield had one other connection to Berkeley: his father, John Joseph Hopfield, a Polish immigrant, obtained his Ph.D. in physics from Berkeley in 1923 with the late Raymond Birge as his adviser. A spectroscopist, Hopfield turned an teacher and assistant professor of physics earlier than leaving in 1928 to conduct analysis in Berlin. His son was born in 1933.
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